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File:KurtFreund-sexologist-photo.jpg

2022-11-16T20:18:10Z

Laurie-X: Kurt Freund, Czech-Canadian sexologist who assisted in the development of Penile Plethysmography, a controversial procedure used on those on the Sex Offender Registry

== Summary ==
Kurt Freund, Czech-Canadian sexologist who assisted in the development of Penile Plethysmography, a controversial procedure used on those on the Sex Offender Registry

Penile Plethysmography

2022-11-16T20:16:23Z

Laurie-X: Created page with "__NOTOC__'''Penile Plethysmography''', or phallometry, is a procedure used to determine sexual arousal by measuring blood flow to the penis. This procedure is most often used on people on sex offender registry by showing them sexual material while they are measured. Despite its current use on sex offenders and in determining attraction to youth, it gained popularity through its role in the detection of homosexuality, and attempts to treat it.<ref name=WikiP>[https://en.w..."

__NOTOC__'''Penile Plethysmography''', or phallometry, is a procedure used to determine sexual arousal by measuring blood flow to the penis. This procedure is most often used on people on sex offender registry by showing them sexual material while they are measured. Despite its current use on sex offenders and in determining attraction to youth, it gained popularity through its role in the detection of homosexuality, and attempts to treat it.<ref name=WikiP>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penile_plethysmography Penile Plethysmography - Wikipedia]</ref><ref name=WikiK>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Freund Kurt Freund - Wikipedia]</ref><ref name=Journal>[https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1480&context=wmjowl The Hard Truth About the Penile Plethysmograph]</ref>

Its practice is controversial and heavily contested by many in the scientific community.<ref name=WikiP /><ref name=Journal />

== History and Founder==
[[File:KurtFreund-sexologist-photo.jpg|thumb|Kurt Freund]]
In 1953, Czech-Canadian Physician and sexologist '''[[Kurt Freund]]''' began to develop Penile Plethysmography. Originally, he was commissioned to determine the true sexual orientation of those using their homosexuality to avoid military service. Over time, he would broaden his horizons to general male sexual interest. Despite the fact that 17% of homosexuals and heterosexuals could fake their sexual orientation on these tests, he continued to encourage its use.<ref name=WikiK /><ref name=Journal />

In 1957, Freund would support the decriminalization of homosexuality as he realized not only were attempts to convert gay people useless, but that all distress felt by a gay person may be fixed with "reasonable social changes." Though this was an important progression given the time period, his shifting attitude would simply move his focus onto others. Although showing more attention to 'transsexuality' and 'paraphilia,' he would gain a particular eye for pedophilia.<ref name=WikiK /><ref name=Journal />

His focus on the detection, diagnosis, and treatment of [[Minor Attracted Person|MAPs]]/[[youthlove]]rs, would mark the beginning of phallometry's current usage.<ref name=WikiK /><ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtship_disorder Courtship Disorder - Wikipedia]</ref>

== Current Day: Use as Trial Evidence ==

Currently, this procedure is most commonly performed on "sex offenders." It is used to monitor one's risk of breaking the law again and is frequently mandated by USA courts. Despite this, when the procedure is brought into further scrutiny by the courts, it is often deemed unreliable. Some have argued it does not meet USA courts' standard of scientific validity: the Daubert Standard. For example, in United States v. Powers, it was argued that false negatives and lack of regard among the scientific community meant it failed to meet the Daubert Standard.<ref name=WikiP />

In the Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, '''Barker James G.''' and '''Howell Robert J.''' would argue that phallometry fails to meet legal standards due to false negatives and positives, lack of standardization, ability to fake results, and the openness with which the results can be interpreted.<ref name=WikiP />

== Ethical Controversy ==

Some argue that phallometry is both unreliable, degrading, and unethical. For example, in the case of U.S. v. Weber in California, '''Matthew Henry Webber''' appealed that he be released from the condition of his supervised release that involved the use of this procedure. The U.S. Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals ruled in his case that the procedure was an "unreasonable and unnecessary deprivation of a defendant's liberty." They would compare the procedure to a device from a George Orwell novel. The court would even admit that the accuracy was low and the validity academically controversial, yet still upheld its use if it could be proven that there was evidence of efficacy over less intrusive methods.<ref>[http://jaapl.org/content/35/4/536 Penile Plethysmography Testing For Commited Sex Offenders - JAAPL]</ref>

Such criticism has been restated by scholarly journals, such as the William & Mary Journal of Race, Gender, and Social Justice, which stated that the results of this procedure are of no use in the courtroom, display obvious gender disparities against men that require analysis under the Equal Protection Clause, and that its use in supervised release require a more stringent standard. Similarly, writers like '''Robert Todd Carroll''' have questioned the morality of the procedure, and a 2009 report by '''Robert Clift''' on its use on adolescents referred to phallometry as "problematic ethically" and only to be used "after therapists have carefully weighed the benefits versus the negatives."<ref name=WikiP /><ref name=Journal />

Though a less common use, the Czech Republic has used this procedure to determine the sexuality of gays seeking asylum. This sparked controversy and condemnation within the EU, but the Czech interior minister insisted upon its usage.<ref name=WikiP /><ref>[https://www.thestar.com/news/world/2010/12/08/czech_republic_defends_test_of_gay_asylum_seekers_despite_eu_criticism.html Phallometry and Czech Asylum Seeking]</ref>

== Use in research ==

Phallometry has been used in [[Research: Prevalence|multiple research studies]] of the general and criminal (CSO) populations, particularly by Canadian [[Sexology|Sexologists]] such as [[Michael Seto]] and [[Howard Barbaree]]. These studies tend to show equal or preferential arousal to preteen girls, of around 20% in the general population, and only double that among adult-minor sex offenders.

==External links==

*[http://www.sexual-offender-treatment.org/149.html Paper] by [[Diederik Janssen]].
*[https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2006-jun-21-me-porn21-story.html 2006 court ruling]: "A prisoner should not be compelled to stimulate himself sexually in order for the government to get a sense of his current proclivities" [...] "There is a line at which the government must stop. Penile plethysmography testing crosses it."

== References ==

Alan Turing

2022-11-16T20:13:03Z

Laurie-X:

[[File:AlanTuring-bio-photo.jpg|thumb|Alan Turing]]
__NOTOC__'''Alan Turing''' was an English Mathematician, computer scientist, cryptanalyst, and theoretical biologist who lived from 1912 to 1954. Turing is most known for his feats of code-breaking during World War 2, for being a forefather of modern computing with the Turing Machine, and for his conviction under the UK's anti-homosexual laws at the time.<ref name=Wikipedia>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing Wikipedia]</ref>

Alan Turing is presumed by some to have been a [[boylove]]r, based off historical records described further below.<ref name=Alan>[https://greek-love.com/modern-europe/great-britain/alan-turing-1912-54 Alan Turing (Greek Love)]</ref><ref>[https://www.freespeechtube.org/v/168c TV Documentary (shortened and annotated)]</ref><ref>[https://www.nambla.org/Turing.html Nambla Article on Alan Turing]</ref>

== Notable accomplishments ==

* Designing the first model of the British "Bombe" which was used to crack German "Enigma Machine" messages.<ref>[https://www.tnmoc.org/bombe "The Turing-Welchman Bombe"]</ref>
* Creating the Turing Machine, which many attribute to helping lead to the creation of modern computing.<ref>[https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/turing-machine/#:~:text=Turing%20machines%2C%20first%20described%20by,the%20computing%20of%20real%20numbers Turing Machine]</ref>
* Initially leading and playing an integral role in the "Hut 8" section of the "Government Code and Cypher School" and solving German naval messages.<ref>[https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/how-alan-turing-cracked-the-enigma-code "How Alan Turing Cracked the Enigma Code"]</ref>

== Legacy and acknowledgement in Gay History ==

Alan Turing is now considered by many to be a notable figure in gay history. Prime Minister Gordon Brown would make an official apology for the unjust conviction and chemical castration of Alan Turing in 2009.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/sep/11/pm-apology-to-alan-turing "PM's apology to codebreaker Alan Turing: we were inhumane"]</ref><ref>[https://petition.parliament.uk/archived/petitions/23526 Petition for the pardon of Alan Turing]</ref> A law pardoning past victims of anti-homosexual 'gross indecency' laws would later be named after him ("Alan Turing Law.")<ref>[https://royalsociety.org/blog/2017/03/alan-turings-law/ "Alan Turing's Law | Royal Society"]</ref>

== Status as a Boylover ==

There are numerous accounts which hint towards and make obvious Alan Turing's feelings for boys. In 1927, he would become enamored with a boy named '''Christopher Morcom''' who was small and looked younger than his age. Turing would later sponsor a 14-year-old refugee named Robert Augenfeld and wait till the boy was 16 before trying to sexually approach him.<ref name=Alan />

While attempting to borrow an Eisenhart book Alan Turing owned, Robin Gandy would witness a newspaper photo of the young princes Michael of Kent (5 years old) and William of Gloucester (6 years old) slip out of his book. Turing then said "you'll find nice pages like that in my books," and said to Gandy the next morning, "We know each other quite well now... I might as well tell you that I am a homosexual."<ref name=Alan />

Turing also appeared to have sought sex with young males in Manchester, who would give neither their name nor age. He was said to have an eye for the youths at the London YMCA swimming pool as well. Turing also tended to largely describe himself as being attracted to boys, although he would be reported at least once as describing a partner as a "young man" in the case of 19 year old Arnold Murray.<ref name=Alan />

== Conviction of homosexual activity with Arnold Murray ==

At 39, Alan Turing would begin a relationship with 19 year old Arnold Murray. This liaison would go undiscovered from December 17th of 1951 to February 2nd of 1952. He admitted to having sex with Arnold Murray after a youth, who knew Murray, broke into the mathematician's home and thus brought police attention to the relationship.<ref name=Alan /><ref name=Wikipedia />

Alan Turing would agree to chemical castration and probation through a guilty plea, choosing it over imprisonment. Murray would be let off far more lightly and be given a "conditional discharge."<ref name=Alan /><ref name=Wikipedia />

== Death ==

Alan Turing would be found dead of presumed suicide from Cyanide poisoning. A half-eaten apple was found nearby, yet it was not tested for cyanide. Some have speculated that his death was a recreation of a scene from a film he was fond of: Snow White and The Seven Dwarfs.<ref name=Wikipedia />

== External link ==

*[http://alan-turing.org/guide.htm Alan-Turing.org]

== References ==

File:AlanTuring.jpg

2022-11-16T20:12:25Z

Laurie-X: Laurie-X moved page File:AlanTuring.jpg to File:AlanTuring-bio-photo.jpg: More Descript name

#REDIRECT [[File:AlanTuring-bio-photo.jpg]]

File:AlanTuring-bio-photo.jpg

2022-11-16T20:12:23Z

Laurie-X: Laurie-X moved page File:AlanTuring.jpg to File:AlanTuring-bio-photo.jpg: More Descript name

== Summary ==
British mathematician and cryptologist, later known for his tragic life as an example of Britain's homophobic persecution of gay men

2022-11-16T19:32:32Z

Laurie-X: Created page with "Harry Hay__NOTOC__ '''Harry Hay''' was an American gay and Labor rights activist. He is most known for pioneering gay activism with his creation of the Mattachine Society with his male friends. Later in life, he would co-found the Radical Faeries movement with Don Kilhefler. He's known to have shown consistent support for NAMBLA. <ref name=Wiki>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Hay#Stanford_University_and_the_Communist_Party:_1929_t..."